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SELECT statements

SELECT statements are used to transform data in Cloudflare Pipelines. The general form is:

[WITH with_query [, ...]]
SELECT select_expr [, ...]
FROM from_item
[WHERE condition]

A pipeline runs one or more INSERT INTO sink SELECT ... FROM stream statements. To write to multiple sinks from the same pipeline, separate the statements with semicolons. See Multiple statements.

WITH clause

The WITH clause allows you to define named subqueries that can be referenced in the main query. This can improve query readability by breaking down complex transformations.

Syntax:

WITH query_name AS (subquery) [, ...]

Simple example:

WITH filtered_events AS
    (SELECT user_id, event_type, amount
        FROM user_events WHERE amount > 50)
SELECT user_id, amount * 1.1 as amount_with_tax
FROM filtered_events
WHERE event_type = 'purchase';

SELECT clause

The SELECT clause is a comma-separated list of expressions, with optional aliases. Column names must be unique.

SELECT select_expr [, ...]

Examples:

-- Select specific columns
SELECT user_id, event_type, amount FROM events


-- Use expressions and aliases
SELECT
    user_id,
    amount * 1.1 as amount_with_tax,
    UPPER(event_type) as event_type_upper
FROM events


-- Select all columns
SELECT * FROM events

FROM clause

The FROM clause specifies the data source for the query. It will be either a table name or subquery. The table name can be either a stream name or a table created in the WITH clause.

FROM from_item

Tables can be given aliases:

SELECT e.user_id, e.amount
FROM user_events e
WHERE e.event_type = 'purchase'

WHERE clause

The WHERE clause filters data using boolean conditions. Predicates are applied to input rows.

WHERE condition

Examples:

-- Filter by field value
SELECT * FROM events WHERE event_type = 'purchase'


-- Multiple conditions
SELECT * FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'purchase' AND amount > 50


-- String operations
SELECT * FROM events
WHERE user_id LIKE 'user_%'


-- Null checks
SELECT * FROM events
WHERE description IS NOT NULL

UNNEST operator

The UNNEST operator converts arrays into multiple rows. This is useful for processing list data types.

UNNEST restrictions:

  • May only appear in the SELECT clause
  • Only one array may be unnested per SELECT statement

Example:

SELECT
    UNNEST([1, 2, 3]) as numbers
FROM events;

This will produce:

+---------+
| numbers |
+---------+
|       1 |
|       2 |
|       3 |
+---------+

Multiple statements

A pipeline can contain multiple INSERT statements, separated by semicolons. Each statement reads from a stream and writes to a sink. Use multiple statements to route events from a single stream into several sinks based on their content.

INSERT INTO purchases_sink
SELECT user_id, product_id, amount FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'purchase';


INSERT INTO signups_sink
SELECT user_id, created_at FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'signup';

To provide multiple statements with the Wrangler CLI, pass a file with the --sql-file flag:

Terminal window
npx wrangler pipelines create my-pipeline --sql-file pipeline.sql

For a worked example, refer to Fan out a stream to multiple Iceberg tables.